Quran in French
The Qur'an (Arabic: القرآن; al Qur'ān, "the recitation") is the sacred book of Islam for Muslims whom they consider to verbatim resume the divine word of Allah. The Muslim religious tradition presents it as the first work written in Arabic, with the specific character in Islam of inimitability in beauty and in ideas.
The Quran gathers the words of Allah, "revelations" made to the prophet, the messenger of Islam Muhammad (محمد, Muḥammad) by the archangel Gabriel (جبريل, Jibrîl), in the Muslim belief. It was revealed from 610 to 632 for some, from 612 to 632 for others. The Quran is sometimes called simply al-kitab (the book) or adh-dhikr (the reminder). In this sense, it is, for Muslims, the uncreated expression of this attribute of Allah addressed to all mankind.
The Quran is divided into chapters called suras, numbering 114 and beginning with the first called Al Fatiha (sometimes translated as "the liminal" or "the prologue" or "the opening" or "the mother of the book"). These suras are themselves composed of verses called ayat (plural of the Arabic ayah, "proof", "sign", and which are found in particular in the word ayatollah). The verses are canonically numbered 6,236 for the hafs (eastern reading) and 6,213 for the warch (western reading).
Originally, during the life of Muhammad, the transmission of texts was done mainly orally, based on this "recitation" evoked precisely by the term qur'ān, even after the establishment in Medina. Some verses or groups of verses have been written on camel shoulder blades or pieces of leather by believers. These are fragmentary and rudimentary testimonies of the notation
The Quran is traditionally separated into two parts that stand out for their differences in style and themes:
The Suras of Mecca, prior to the Hegira, are generally shorter suras, of religious and liturgical orientation;
and the suras of Medina, posterior to the hegira, longer and of clearly political, societal and legislative orientation.
It is significant that the Year One of Islam begins in the Hegira when Muhammad becomes a political leader. Thus, Islam is indeed a politico-religious doctrine whose mission, assigned by the Koran, is the political and social organization of the Muslims (e) s. The Meccan period prior to the Hegira must nevertheless be considered as the beginning of the prophecy.
The suras of the first period, Mecca, affirm mainly the idea of monotheism and define what is God for the Muslim. Among others, there is the idea of the resurrection of the dead in the day of the last judgment, the unity of God, and so on.
German Orientalists Gustav Weil and Theodor Nöldeke established three divisions in the surahs revealed in Mecca:
In the first group, God invites men not to doubt and follow his prescriptions so as not to attract his anger. He speaks of creation;
Suras of the second group describe the duties of every believer: the profession of faith (chahada), the prayers (salat), the fast (Ramadan), the pilgrimage (hajj), the alms (zakat) which are the five pillars of Islam. These suras invite man to perfect himself through his devotion to God;
In the third part are the stories of the prophets of Islam, a description of the punishment suffered by the people who refused to believe their messages.
Medina suras are "orders". They lay the fundamental foundations of a new society, in which respect and obedience are due to Muhammad and his family, where praise goes to those who fight and die in jihad (struggle) on the way to God, and where we fight against the oppression of the enemies of Islam.
